A dataset of 10-year regional-scale soil moisture and soil temperature measurements at multiple depths on the Tibetan Plateau

Abstract. Soil moisture and soil temperature (SMST) are important state variables for quantifying the exchange of heat water between land atmosphere. Yet, long-term, regional-scale in situ SMST measurements scarce on Tibetan Plateau (TP), with even fewer available multiple depths. Tibet-Obs is such a observatory TP that has been established 10 years ago includes three monitoring networks, i.e. Maqu, Naqu, Ngari (including Ali Shiquanhe), located cold humid area covered by grassland, semiarid dominated tundra, arid desert, respectively. This paper presents long-term (? years) profile dataset collected from Tibet-Obs, which original at 15 min interval 2008 2019 all networks spatially upscaled data (SMups STups) Maqu Shiquanhe networks. The quality proved to be good, errors generally better than measured accuracy adopted sensors. Long-term analysis shows amplitudes variations decrease increasing depth, deeper layers present later onset freezing an earlier start thawing and, thus, shorter freeze–thaw duration both In addition, there notable differences relationships SMups STups under conditions No significant trend can found warm season (from May October) consistent tendency precipitation. A similar finding also air network during season. For November April), drying noted above 20 cm network, while no those network. Comparisons five reanalysis datasets, including ECMWF v5 (ERA5), Modern-Era Retrospective Research Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2), Global Land Data Assimilation System Catchment Surface Model (GLDAS-2.1 CLSM), GLDAS-2.1 Noah, variable infiltration capacity VIC), indicate none current model-based products reproduce seasonal interannual changes dynamics All underestimate every leading thawing, essentially demonstrates models not able adequately simulate winter TP. short, presented would valuable evaluation improvement satellite- TP, enhancing understanding hydrometeorological processes their response climate change. 4TU.ResearchData repository https://doi.org/10.4121/20141567.v1 (Zhang et al., 2022).